1
عمومی::
جامعه معرفت شناختی، جامعهی معرفتی
This stream remains focused on the articulation or framing of policy problems and involves a key set of actors involved in defining policy issues: 'epistemic communities'.
As the ACF rightly noted, knowledge regarding a policy problem is the 'glue' that unites actors within an epistemic community, differentiating it from those actors involved in political negotiations and practices around policy goals and solutions, discussed below, as well as those actors who specialize in the development, design and articulation of policy tools or solutions (Biddle and Koontz, 2014).
That is, unlike epistemic communities that pursue the translation of broad issues into distinct problems that policymakers can act upon, constituency members are more concerned with policy tools and supplying policymakers with the information about the design and mechanics of these tools (Be´ land et al.
Such politically active policy actors are usually more publicly visible than mem- bers of epistemic communities or instrument constituencies.
Epistemic communities, instrument constituencies and members of political coalitions all continue to be actively involved in implementation activities and can be members of this stream.،takes to be a member of an epistemic community or advocacy coalition,
Actors in the problem stream: epistemic communities
In this light, the concept of epistemic communities,
Academic explorations of epistemic communities have thus far mainly
the epistemic communities involved in deliberations in the environmental
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران